Tag Archives: university of california

Ancient Alteration of Seawater Chemistry Linked With Past Climate Change

By Guest PostJuly 22, 2012Environmentadina paytan, alteration, antarctic ice sheet, candace major, cenozoic era, climate and evolution, climate change, collision, dissolution, eocene epoch, eurasia, greenhouse periods, gypsum, gypsum belt, gypsum deposit, hydrated calcium sulfate, icehouse climate, India, iodp, iran, joides resolution, marine, million years, mineral, national science foundation, ocean drillship, oman, Pakistan, phosphorus cycling, plate tectonics, santa cruz, seawater chemistry, sulfate aerosols, sulfate concentration, sulfur composition, ulrich wortmann, university of california, university of toronto, zagros mountains

Dissolution or creation of huge gypsum deposits changed sulfate content of the oceans

Scientists have discovered a potential cause of Earth’s “icehouse climate” cooling trend of the past 45 million years. It has everything to do with the chemistry of the world’s oceans.

“Seawater chemistry is characterized by long phases of stability, which are interrupted by short intervals of rapid change,” says geoscientist Ulrich Wortmann of the University of Toronto, lead author of a paper reporting the results and published this week in the journal Science.

“We’ve established a new framework that helps us better interpret evolutionary trends and climate change over long periods of time. The study focuses on the past 130 million years, but similar interactions have likely occurred through the past 500 million years.” (more…)

More Than Matters of the Heart

By Guest PostJuly 18, 2012Health, Sciencecause of death, chronic disease, complicated grief scale, death, genetic code, genetic variation, Germany, hannover medical school, Health, inflammation, journal brain, los angeles, mary frances oconnor, pro inflammatory, spouse, stress, symptoms of loss, university of arizona, university of california, university of ulm, widowhood effect

A team of researchers, including Mary-Frances O’Connor at the UA, has found a genetic variability linked to stress and inflammation that may impact the health of some widows and widowers.

The death of a spouse can be one of life’s most distressing events, and for many years bereavement researchers have noted increased mortality risk in some widows and widowers. This has been called the “widowhood effect.”

Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, the Hannover Medical School in Germany, the University of Ulm in Germany and the University of Arizona have found a genetic variability linked to stress and inflammation that may impact the health of some widows and widowers. (more…)

Nano-Sandwich Technique Slims Down Solar Cells, Improves Efficiency

By Guest PostJune 29, 2012Scienceamorphous silicon, Berkeley, cadmium telluride, chemical fuel, efficiency, electricity, linyou cao, nano-sandwich, nanometer, nanostructures, nm, organic materials, paul alivisatos, solar cells, solar energy, substrate, technique, Technology, university of california, vivian ferry

Researchers from North Carolina State University have found a way to create much slimmer thin-film solar cells without sacrificing the cells’ ability to absorb solar energy. Making the cells thinner should significantly decrease manufacturing costs for the technology.

“We were able to create solar cells using a ‘nanoscale sandwich’ design with an ultra-thin ‘active’ layer,” says Dr. Linyou Cao, an assistant professor of materials science and engineering at NC State and co-author of a paper describing the research. “For example, we created a solar cell with an active layer of amorphous silicon that is only 70 nanometers (nm) thick. This is a significant improvement, because typical thin-film solar cells currently on the market that also use amorphous silicon have active layers between 300 and 500 nm thick.” The “active” layer in thin-film solar cells is the layer of material that actually absorbs solar energy for conversion into electricity or chemical fuel. (more…)

A New Tool to Attack the Mysteries of High-Temperature Superconductivity

By Guest PostJune 8, 2012Scienceabsolute zero, advanced light source, alessandra lanzara, als, band structure, bardeen cooper schrieffer, bcs theory, beams of xrays, Berkeley, berkeley lab, bi2212, christopher smallwood, conventional superconductors, cooper pairs, dung hai lee, electric current, electric grids, electrons, energy savings, femtosecond scale pulses, high tc, high temperature, joseph orenstein, msd, quasiparticles, relaxation process, resistance, superconductivity, synchrotron light sources, through frequency, transmission, ultrafast laser arpes, university of california

Berkeley Lab researchers use an ultrafast laser to better understand high-temperature superconductors

Superconductivity, in which electric current flows without resistance, promises huge energy savings – from low-voltage electric grids with no transmission losses, superefficient motors and generators, and myriad other schemes. But such everyday applications still lie in the future, because conventional superconductivity in metals can’t do the job.

Although they play important roles in science, industry, and medicine, conventional superconductors must be maintained at temperatures a few degrees above absolute zero, which is tricky and expensive. Wider uses will depend on higher-temperature superconductors that can function well above absolute zero. Yet known high-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors are complex materials whose electronic structures, despite decades of work, are still far from clear. (more…)

Undocumented, Young Immigrants Face Obstacles, Uncertain Futures

By Guest PostMay 12, 2012Politicsamerican youth, citizenship, dream act, ford foundation, immigration status, irvine, latino youth, leo chavez, nightmare, orange county, roberto gonzales, undocumented, united states, university of california, university of chicago, young adults

Undocumented Latino youth who migrate to the United States face futures clouded by limited rights and the constant fear of deportation, according to a new report from the University of Chicago and the University of California, Irvine.

Many don’t fully realize the constraints of their status until they become older teenagers and young adults, the report finds.

“Rites of passage common to American youth — getting a driver’s license, traveling, working and applying to college — are either denied, unattainable or dangerous to pursue for undocumented immigrants,” said Leo Chavez, professor of anthropology at University of California, Irvine. “It’s at this point that many undocumented Latino youth realize society sees them as discardable, as easily castaway. Yet, rather than merely give up, many become involved in campaigns to change the law.” (more…)

Molecular Spectroscopy Tracks Living Mammalian Cells in Real Time as They Differentiate

By Guest PostMay 2, 2012Scienceals, alzheimer's disease, amino acid residues, apoptosis, bacteria, berkeley lab, carbohydrates, cell change, cell death, children, diabetes, fibroblasts, fluorescent dyes, fourier transform infrared, ftir, function, hans bechtel, hoi ying, hyperspectromicroscopy, ir, kevin loutherback, liang chen, lipids, macular degeneration, michael martin, mitochondrial diseases, pc12, phosphorylation, phosphorylation process, power plant, protein, rafael gomez sjoberg, retina, san diego, serine, spectromicroscopy, threonine, tyrosine, ultraviolet, university of california, zhao hao

Berkeley Lab scientists demonstrate the promise of synchrotron infrared spectroscopy of living cells for medical applications

Knowing how a living cell works means knowing how the chemistry inside the cell changes as the functions of the cell change. Protein phosphorylation, for example, controls everything from cell proliferation to differentiation to metabolism to signaling, and even programmed cell death (apoptosis), in cells from bacteria to humans. It’s a chemical process that has long been intensively studied, not least in hopes of treating or eliminating a wide range of diseases. But until now the close-up view – watching phosphorylation work at the molecular level as individual cells change over time – has been impossible without damaging the cells or interfering with the very processes that are being examined.

“To look into phosphorylation, researchers have labeled specific phosphorylated proteins with antibodies that carry fluorescent dyes,” says Hoi-Ying Holman of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab). “That gives you a great image, but you have to know exactly what to label before you can even begin.” (more…)

Golden Potential for Gold Thin Films

By Guest PostApril 29, 2012Science1d chain, 2d nanoparticle, 2d sheet, berkeley lab, block, catalysis, co polymer, DNA, gold nanoparticle, joseph kao, microdomain, microtechnology, nanometer, nanoparticle, peter bai, peter ercius, plasmonic metamaterial, plasmonic technology, polymer scientist, polymer supramolecule, scalable nanomanufacturing, semiconductor nanocrystal, solvent evaporation, supramolecular nanocomposites, thin film, three dimensional array, ting xu, uc, university of california, vivian chuang, zhang jiang

Berkeley Lab Researchers Direct the Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles into Device-Ready Thin films

Scientists with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California (UC) Berkeley have directed the first self-assembly of nanoparticles into device-ready materials. Through a relatively easy and inexpensive technique based on blending nanoparticles with block co-polymer supramolecules, the researchers produced multiple-layers of thin films from highly ordered one-, two- and three-dimensional arrays of gold nanoparticles. Thin films such as these have potential applications for a wide range of fields, including computer memory storage, energy harvesting, energy storage, remote-sensing, catalysis, light management and the emerging new field of plasmonics.

“We’ve demonstrated a simple yet versatile supramolecular approach to control the 3-D spatial organization of nanoparticles with single particle precision over macroscopic distances in thin films,” says polymer scientist Ting Xu, who led this research. “While the thin gold films we made were wafer-sized, the technique can easily produce much larger films, and it can be used on nanoparticles of many other materials besides gold.” (more…)

Guidelines for Prostate Screening Widely Ignored, Study Finds

By Guest PostApril 25, 2012Healthberkshire hathaway, blood test, cancer specific mortality, ceo, controversial decision, data, dezheng huo, diagnosis, jim hu, john easton, los angeles, michael drazer, nhis, prostate cancer, prostate specific antigen, psa, psa screening, recommendation, sandip prasad, scott eggener, treatment, university of california, university of chicago, warren buffett

2008 recommendations from federal task force had no impact

New research confirms that the controversial decision by Warren Buffett – the 81-year-old CEO of Berkshire Hathaway – to undergo a blood test screening for prostate cancer despite his age is hardly unusual. Despite recommendations in 2008 from the United States Preventive Services Task Force against testing for prostate cancer in men aged 75 years or older, almost half of men in that age group continue to get screening tests.

In 2005, before the recommendations were released, 43 percent of men age 75 and above elected to take the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. In August 2008, the Task Force stated it “recommends against the service,” arguing “there is moderate or high certainty the service has no net benefit or that the harms outweigh the benefits.” (more…)