Tag Archives: pnas

Konfrontation oder unterlassene Hilfeleistung?

By Guest PostOctober 30, 2014Scienceabu dhabi, ackerbau, innsbruck, jens herrle, marmara meer, meeresspiegelanstieg, microrna, nicotine acetylcholine receptors, pnas, stephen barlow, suedosteuropa, tiny worms, uni innsbruck, wissenschaftler

Erstmals beobachtetet ein internationales Team, bestehend aus einer Wissenschaftlerin aus Köln und zwei Wissenschaftlern aus Innsbruck und Abu Dhabi, das Verhalten von Menschen bei Bestrafung gegenüber Fremden. In einem Aufsatz über direkte und indirekte Bestrafung, erschienen im Magazin PNAS, zeigen sie, dass beide Formen im Feld eine große Rolle spielen.

Loukas Balafoutas von der Uni Innsbruck, Nikos Nikiforakis aus Abu Dhabi und Bettina Rockenbach von der Uni zu Köln arbeiten zu Fragen rund um das Thema Kooperation. „Die Grundannahme ist, dass Menschen, im Gegensatz zu Tieren, sehr viel miteinander kooperieren und das nicht nur innerhalb kleiner Gruppen, sondern auch mit Fremden“, erläutert der Wissenschaftler Loukas Balafoutas die theoretische Basis. In dem aufwändig konzipierten Feldexperiment möchten die Ökonomin und die beiden Ökonomen herausfinden, warum Menschen ihnen fremde Personen für Normverletzungen bestrafen und wie sie das tun. Zwei mögliche Vorgehensweisen werden dabei in den Fokus gerückt: „Die Möglichkeiten einer direkten und einer indirekten Bestrafung interessieren uns dabei besonders“, so Balafoutas. (more…)

Bei befürchteter Strafe steigt die Kooperationsbereitschaft

By Guest PostApril 29, 2014Sciencechristian melaun, durch, flickr, gemeine holzbock, ixodes ricinus, kreisrunde, lyme borreliose, menschen, mueckenstich, pnas, sina zotzmann, solving the mystery, tully monster

Menschen neigen dazu, einander zu helfen – zumindest wesentlich öfter und stärker als Tiere. Warum das so ist, haben Innsbrucker Ökonomen untersucht. In einem Aufsatz für das Fachjournal PNAS zeigen sie nun: Die Bereitschaft zur Kooperation ist dann hoch, wenn Menschen bei Nicht-Kooperation Strafen befürchten.

Für die Kooperationsbereitschaft von Menschen sind soziale Normen verantwortlich, das ist in der Literatur unbestritten. Diese Normen sorgen auch dafür, dass Menschen, anders als die meisten Tiere, auch Personen helfen, die genetisch nicht mit ihnen verwandt sind und die sie mitunter nicht einmal kennen. Dr. Daniela Glätzle-Rützler, Mag. Philipp Lergetporer und Mag. Silvia Angerer vom Institut für Finanzwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck haben sich unter der Leitung von Univ.-Prof. Dr. Matthias Sutter nun die Kooperationsbereitschaft von Kindern in Experimenten angesehen. Teilgenommen haben rund 1.100 Kinder zwischen 7 und 11 Jahren aus Meran in Südtirol. Das Ergebnis: Allein schon die Befürchtung von Strafe reicht, um die Kooperationsbereitschaft zu steigern. (more…)

Wie unsere Körperzellen gegen Viren kämpfen

By Guest PostApril 22, 2014Scienceabdulla abdul rahman, andreas ziegler, ecological ghosts, elizabeth kolbert, enzyme, how to see, max f perutz, mfpl, mohammed alzaffin, nicolle fuller, pincelli hull, pnas, simon darroch, sixth extinction, universitaet wien

Protein versperrt Zugang zum Zellkern, um Erbgut zu schützen

MolekularbiologInnen der Max F. Perutz Laboratories der Universität Wien und der Medizinischen Universität Wien zeigen in Zusammenarbeit mit Kollegen von der ETH Zürich, wie das Eindringen doppelsträngiger RNA wie beispielsweise viralen Erbgutes in den Zellkern verhindert wird. Während der Immunantwort auf eine Virusinfektion wandert das körpereigene Protein ADAR1 aus dem Kern ins Zytoplasma der Zelle, wo es die Virus-RNA so verändert, dass sich damit keine neuen Viren bilden können. Wie dabei jedoch verhindert wird, dass ADAR1 die virale RNA in den Zellkern bringt – wichtig für den Schutz des menschlichen Erbguts – war bisher völlig unklar. In ihrer Studie in PNAS Plus geben die Wiener und Züricher WissenschaftlerInnen eine erste Antwort auf diese Frage. (more…)

Arctic study shows key marine food web species at risk from increasing CO2

By Guest PostDecember 10, 2013Environmentarctic marine life, arctic ocean, arctic regions, arctic study, atmosphere, carbon dioxide, catlin arctic survey, ceri lewis, changing climatic, copepods, crustaceans, helen findlay, increasing co2, marine food web, novel data, ocean acidity, oceanic conditions, pnas, range of ph, risk, university of exeter

A research expedition to the Arctic, as part of the Catlin Arctic Survey, has revealed that tiny crustaceans, known as copepods, that live just beneath the ocean surface are likely to battle for survival if ocean acidity continues to rise.

The study found that copepods that move large distances, migrating vertically across a wide range of pH conditions, have a better chance of surviving.

The increasing level of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere is changing ocean chemistry leading to seawater moving down the pH scale towards acidity. Some areas of the Arctic Ocean are already experiencing the fastest rates of acidification on the planet and, combined with sea-ice loss and warming temperatures, the impacts of climate change are likely to hit Arctic marine life first. (more…)

Invading Species Can Extinguish Native Plants Despite Recent Reports

By Guest PostJanuary 10, 2013Environment, Naturebenjamin gilbert, california, colonization, ecologist, eeb, effect of invasion, eth zurich, extinction dynamics, federal institute, habitat, initial invasion, invaded ecosystem, invading exotic plants, invasive grass, james cornwell, jonathan levine, local extinction, native biodiversity, native habitat, native plants, non native species, pnas, quantitative model, sea of exotics, species, species to extinction, swiss, technology zurich, university of toronto, wild

TORONTO, ON – Ecologists at the University of Toronto and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich) have found that, given time, invading exotic plants will likely eliminate native plants growing in the wild despite recent reports to the contrary.

A study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) reports that recent statements that invasive plants are not problematic are often based on incomplete information, with insufficient time having passed to observe the full effect of invasions on native biodiversity. (more…)

In Financial Ecosystems, Big Banks Trample Economic Habitats and Spread Fiscal Disease

By Guest PostJanuary 6, 2013Economyamerican financial sector, bank of england, banking meltdown, bill, contagion channels, diversity, ecosystem stability, effect, elephant herd, financial disease, financial environment, financial pie, financial policy adviser, financial shocks, financial system, george sugihara, global financial crisis, grassland, grazing, impact, intensity, interconnected banks, international bank, large bank, lehman brothers holdings, mathematical epidemiologist, melinda gates foundation, model, multinational banks, national, nimalan arinaminpathy, oceanography, pnas, population, potential threat, princeton university, quarantine, robert may, san diego, scripps institution, small bank, spread, sugihara, sujit kapadia, system collapsing, systemic risk tax, types of assets, typical elephant herd, united states, university of california, university of oxford, us banks, virus

Like the impact of an elephant herd grazing on grassland, multinational banks shape the financial environment to an extent that far outweighs their small number. And like a contagious person on a transnational flight, when these giant, interconnected banks succumb to financial ills, they are uniquely positioned to infect wide swaths of the financial system.

Researchers from Princeton University, the Bank of England and the University of Oxford applied methods inspired by ecosystem stability and contagion models to banking meltdowns and found that large national and international banks wield an influence and potentially destructive power that far exceeds their actual size. (more…)

University of Toronto Study Demonstrates Impact of Adversity on Early Life Development

By Guest PostOctober 28, 2012Sciencebehavioural geneticist, biology, british columbia, childhood adversity, chris reaume, cifar, dna sequence, drosophila melanogaster, ebbd, Environment, enzyme, evidence, evolutionary biology, food, for, foraging gene, fruit fly, gene, gene robinson, human development, illinois, interaction, james burns, kindergartener, larvae, marla sokolowski, molecular genetics, Nature, neuroscience, pkg, pnas, pre programmed, protein, reproductive fitness, rna, rovers, sitters, tom boyce, toronto, transgenic manipulation, university

Study part of growing body of knowledge surrounding gene-environment interplay

TORONTO, ON – It is time to put the nature versus nurture debate to rest and embrace growing evidence that it is the interaction between biology and environment in early life that influences human development, according to a series of studies recently published in a special edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

“Biologists used to think that our differences are pre-programmed in our genes, while psychologists argued that babies are born with a blank slate and their experience writes on it to shape them into the adults they become. Instead, the important question to be asking is, ‘How is our experience in early life getting embedded in our biology?’” says University of Toronto behavioural geneticist Marla Sokolowski. She is co-editor of the PNAS special edition titled “Biological Embedding of Early Social Adversity: From Fruit Flies to Kindergarteners” along with professors Tom Boyce (University of British Columbia) and Gene Robinson (University of Illinois). (more…)

Out of This World

By Guest PostSeptember 18, 2012Sciencebuilding block, colloids, computer chip, crystalline structure, delaware, eric m furst, functional material, gravity, international space station, iss, james swan, lattice, magnetic field, microscopic particle, Nanotechnology, NASA, novel nanomaterial, paramagnetic colloid, paula vasquez, phase separation, pnas, reality, scalable, self assemble, university

UD professor reports smart fluids research in scientific journal

Imagine a computer chip that can assemble itself.

According to Eric M. Furst, professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at the University of Delaware, engineers and scientists are closer to making this and other scalable forms of nanotechnology a reality as a result of new milestones in using nanoparticles as building blocks in functional materials.

Furst and his postdoctoral researchers, James Swan and Paula Vasquez, along with colleagues at NASA, the European Space Agency, Zin Technologies and Lehigh University, reported the finding Sept. 17 in an article in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Science (PNAS) online edition. (more…)