Tag Archives: proteins

Stau in der Zelle

Ein deutsch-polnisches Team hat entschlüsselt, wie Zellen überleben, wenn mitochondriale Proteine fehlgeleitet werden

Ein Team um Prof. Dr. Bettina Warscheid von der Universität Freiburg und Prof. Dr. Agnieszka Chacinska vom Internationalen Institut für Molekular- und Zellbiologie in Warschau/Polen hat den Mechanismus „Unfolded Protein Response activated by mistargeting of proteins“, kurz UPRam, entdeckt: Dieser schützt Zellen davor, dass sich in ihrem Inneren zu viele mitochondriale Vorläuferproteine anstauen, die ihr Ziel – das Mitochondrium – wegen eines Defekts im Proteinimportsystem verfehlt haben. Die Studie zeigt, wie die Zelle auf Stress reagiert, der durch Proteinanstau ausgelöst wird, um sich ihr Überleben zu sichern. Die Daten können helfen, die Mechanismen alterungsbedingter und neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen zukünftig besser zu verstehen. Diese gehen häufig mit einer mitochondrialen Dysfunktion und Störungen bei der Erhaltung des Gleichgewichtszustandes der Zelle einher. Die Forschungsergebnisse sind nun in der Fachzeitschrift „Nature“ erschienen.

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UCLA nanoscientists are first to model atomic structures of three bacterial nanomachines

Cryo electron microscope enables scientists to explore the frontiers of targeted antibiotics

Researchers at UCLA’s California NanoSystems Institute have become the first to produce images of the atomic structures of three specific biological nanomachines, each derived from a different potentially deadly bacterium — an achievement they hope will lead to antibiotics targeted toward specific pathogens. (more…)

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3-D ‘Map’ of Enzyme Completed by MU Scientists Could Lead to More Effective Drugs

Enzyme map created by using a high-powered X-ray device

COLUMBIA, Mo. – The human body is full of proteins called enzymes that help nearly every function in the body. Scientists have been studying enzymes for decades in order to learn how they work and how to create better drugs and medical treatments for many ailments. Now, University of Missouri researchers have completed a 3-D map of an enzyme called Proline utilization A (PutA). PutA facilitates metabolism by adding oxygen to molecules. John Tanner, a professor in the MU Department of Biochemistry, says mapping this enzyme will give researchers a better understanding of its function, which could help drug manufacturers create more effective drugs. (more…)

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Berkeley Lab Develops Nanoscope to Probe Chemistry on the Molecular Scale

For years, scientists have had an itch they couldn’t scratch. Even with the best microscopes and spectrometers, it’s been difficult to study and identify molecules at the so-called mesoscale, a region of matter that ranges from 10 to 1000 nanometers in size. Now, with the help of broadband infrared light from the Advanced Light Source (ALS) synchrotron at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), researchers have developed a broadband imaging technique that looks inside this realm with unprecedented sensitivity and range.

By combining atomic force microscopy with infrared synchrotron light, researchers from Berkeley Lab and the University of Colorado have improved the spatial resolution of infrared spectroscopy by orders of magnitude, while simultaneously covering its full spectroscopic range, enabling the investigation of variety of nanoscale, mesoscale, and surface phenomena that were previously difficult to study. (more…)

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Discovery spotlights key role of mystery RNA modification in cells

Researchers had known for several decades that a certain chemical modification exists on messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), which is essential to the flow of genetic information. But only recently did experiments at the University of Chicago show that one major function of this modification governs the longevity and decay of RNA, a process critical to the development of healthy cells.

The chemical modification on mRNA in question is called N6-methyladenosine (m6A). A recent study by UChicago scientists reveals how the m6A modification on mRNA could affect the half-life of mRNA that in turn regulates cellular protein quantities. That discovery could provide fundamental insights into healthy functioning and disorders such as obesity, diabetes and infertility. (more…)

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UCLA researchers’ new technique improves accuracy, ease of cancer diagnosis

‘Deformability cytometry’ can closely analyze more than 1,000 cells per second

A team of researchers from UCLA and Harvard University have demonstrated a technique that, by measuring the physical properties of individual cells in body fluids, can diagnose cancer with a high degree of accuracy.

The technique, which uses a deformability cytometer to analyze individual cells, could reduce the need for more cumbersome diagnostic procedures and the associated costs, while improving accuracy over current methods. The initial clinical study, which analyzed pleural fluid samples from more than 100 patients, was published in the current issue of peer-reviewed journal Science Translational Medicine.  (more…)

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Researchers Find New Way to Create ‘Gradients’ for Understanding Molecular Interactions

Scientists use tools called gradients to understand how molecules interact in biological systems. Researchers from North Carolina State University have developed a new technique for creating biomolecular gradients that is both simpler than existing techniques and that creates additional surface characteristics that allow scientists to monitor other aspects of molecular behavior.

A gradient is a material that has a specific molecule on its surface, with the concentration of the molecule sloping from a high concentration on one end to a low concentration at the other end. The gradient is used not only to determine whether other molecules interact with the molecules on the gradient, but to determine the threshold level at which any interactions take place. (more…)

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Computer modeling shows crucial function of water molecules in proteins

Using molecular simulations that modeled a potassium channel and its immediate cellular environment, atom for atom, UChicago scientists have discovered that just 12 molecules of water cause the long post-activation recovery period required by such ion channels before they can function again. The research has revealed a new mechanism in the function of a nearly universal biological structure that will have broad implications, ranging from fundamental biology to the design of pharmaceuticals.

“Our research clarifies the nature of this previously mysterious inactivation state. This gives us better understanding of fundamental biology and should improve the rational design of drugs, which often target the inactivated state of channels,” said Benoît Roux, professor of biochemistry and molecular biology, whose team’s findings were published online July 28 in Nature. (more…)

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