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Ultracold Experiments Heat Up Quantum Research

By Guest PostMarch 20, 2012Scienceabsolute zero, atomic realm, atoms, birth of universe, black hole, ccd camera, chen lung hung, cheng chin, cosmology, crystals, diverse phenomena, early universe, electron, gravitational dynamics, magnetic materials, nano kelvin, physicist, quantum criticality, quantum phase transition, subatomic particle, subir sachdev, superconductors, thomas rosenbaum, ultracold atom, ultracold state, ultracold temperature, university of chicago, xibo zhang

University of Chicago physicists have experimentally demonstrated, for the first time, that atoms chilled to temperatures near absolute zero may behave like seemingly unrelated natural systems of vastly different scales, offering potential insights into links between the atomic realm and deep questions of cosmology.

This ultracold state, called “quantum criticality,” hints at similarities between such diverse phenomena as the gravitational dynamics of black holes or the exotic conditions that prevailed at the birth of the universe, said Cheng Chin, associate professor in physics at UChicago. The results could even point to ways of simulating cosmological phenomena of the early universe by studying systems of atoms in states of quantum criticality. (more…)

The First Spectroscopic Measurement of an Anti-Atom

By Guest PostMarch 11, 2012Scienceafrd, alpha collaboration, anti atoms trapped, antielectrons, antihydrogen, antihydrogen atom, antimatter, astronomy, atomic spectrum, berkeley lab, CERN, charge conjugation, cosmic rays, cpt, electric interaction, electron, emission line, geneva, hydrogen, hydrogen atom, hyperfine splitting, joel fajans, jonathan wurtele, magnetic, magnetic fields, magnetic trap, microwaves, parity, positrons, proton nucleus, quantum state, resonant frequency, simone straka, spectroscopic measurements, spin, symmetrical state, time reversal, trapped hydrogen, universe

*Berkeley Lab scientists helped build and operate the ALPHA antimatter trap at CERN, which has now probed the internal structure of the antihydrogen atom for the first time, taking the first step toward possible new insights into the difference between matter and antimatter*

The ALPHA collaboration at CERN in Geneva has scored another coup on the antimatter front by performing the first-ever spectroscopic measurements of the internal state of the antihydrogen atom. Their results are reported in a forthcoming issue of Nature and are now online.

Ordinary hydrogen atoms are the most plentiful in the universe, and also the simplest – so simple, in fact, that some of the most fundamental physical constants have been discovered by measuring the tiny energy shifts resulting from the magnetic and electric interactions of hydrogen’s proton nucleus with its single orbiting electron. (more…)

UCLA Astronomers Solve Mystery of Vanishing Electrons

By Guest PostJanuary 31, 2012Scienceastronaut, atmosphere, coronal mass ejections, drew turner, earth, electron, energetic particle, explorer i, geomagnetic storms, goes, halloween storm, high energy electron, magnetic field, magnetized outer layer, magnetosphere, michael hartinger, milestone, missing electron, moscow state university, orbiting spacecraft, outer radiation belt, poes, radiation environment, russia, satellites, solar activity, solar wind particle, space environment, space weather phenomena, spacecraft, sun, themis, theory, vassilis angelopoulos, yuri shprits

*Findings further efforts to better predict geomagnetic storms in space*

UCLA researchers have explained the puzzling disappearing act of energetic electrons in Earth’s outer radiation belt, using data collected from a fleet of orbiting spacecraft.

In a paper published Jan. 29 in the advance online edition of the journal Nature Physics, the team shows that the missing electrons are swept away from the planet by a tide of solar wind particles during periods of heightened solar activity. (more…)

The Next Big Step Toward Atom-Specific Dynamical Chemistry

By Guest PostJanuary 8, 2012Science2p orbitals, 2s orbitals, advanced light source, ali belkacem, america, atomic levels, atoms, berkeley lab, chemical bonding, chemical energy, chemistry, complex systems, components, electrical conductivity, electron, electronic spectroscopy, electronic states of neon, emergence, energy flow in photosynthesis, evolution of energy, fels, femtoseconds, free electron lasers, graham fleming, harmonics, high frequency x rays, molecular level, molecules, nonlinear, nonlinear multidimensional spectroscopy, nonlinear spectroscopic technique, orbitals, photon flux, positive charge, pulse, quadrillionths of second, s orbitals, spectroscopy, stimulated coherent raman scattering, sunlight energy, synchrotron light sources, table top laser, ultraviolet light, valence electrons, valence shell, x ray lasers, x ray photon, x ray spectroscopy, x-rays

*Berkeley Lab scientists push chemistry to the edge, testing plans for a new generation of light sources*

For Ali Belkacem of Berkeley Lab’s Chemical Sciences Division, “What is chemistry?” is not a rhetorical question.

“Chemistry is inherently dynamical,” he answers. “That means, to make inroads in understanding – and ultimately control – we have to understand how atoms combine to form molecules; how electrons and nuclei couple; how molecules interact, react, and transform; how electrical charges flow; and how different forms of energy move within a molecule or across molecular boundaries.” The list ends with a final and most important question: “How do all these things behave in a correlated way, ‘dynamically’ in time and space, both at the electron and atomic levels?” (more…)

First Data from Daya Bay: Closing in on a Neutrino Mystery

By Guest PostAugust 16, 2011Scienceantineutrinos, basic physics, berkeley lab, big bang, China, china guangdong nuclear power group, cosmic rays, daya bay reactor neutrino experiment, dubbed θ13, electron, evolution of basic kinds of matter, flavors of neutrinos, hong kong, kam biu luk, lawrence berkeley national laboratory, liquid scintillator, mixing angles, muon, neutrinos, nuclear reactors, photomultiplier tubes, russia, southern china, taiwan, tau neutrinos, the czech republic, theta one three, united states, william edwards

*Berkeley Lab researchers are leaders in an international effort to close in on neutrino mass*

Some of the most intriguing questions in basic physics focus on neutrinos. How much do the different kinds weigh and which is the heaviest? The answers lie in how the three “flavors” of neutrinos – electron, muon, and tau neutrinos – oscillate or mix, changing from one to another as they race virtually without interruption through unbounded reaches of matter and space.

Three mathematical terms known as “mixing angles” described the process, and the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment has just begun taking data to establish the last, least-known mixing angle to unprecedented precision. China and the United States lead the international Daya Bay Collaboration, including participants from Russia, the Czech Republic, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. U.S. participation is led by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab). (more…)

One Tiny Electron Could be Key to Future Drugs That Repair Sunburn

By Guest PostJuly 30, 2011Scienceatoms in the dna molecule, aziz sancar, biological functions, cancer, cells of plants, chuang tan, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer, cyclobutane ring, damaged dna, dongping zhong, electron, enzyme, enzyme photolyase, genetic mutations, key biological molecules, ohio state, ohio state university, proteins, repair of sunburn, source of energy, sun damaged dna, ultraviolet light, zheyun liu

COLUMBUS, Ohio – Researchers who have been working for nearly a decade to piece together the process by which an enzyme repairs sun-damaged DNA have finally witnessed the entire process in full detail in the laboratory.

What they saw contradicts fundamental notions of how key biological molecules break up during the repair of sunburn – and that knowledge could someday lead to drugs or even lotions that could heal sunburn in humans. (more…)

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