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Astronomer Tom Gehrels, 1925-2011

By Guest PostJuly 14, 2011Scienceasteroids and comets, astronomer, astronomy, Britain, Chicago, dutch resistance, earth, England, gerard p kuiper, haarlemmermeer, harold masursky award, imaging photopolarimetry, jupiter, kitt peak, leiden university, nobel astrophysicist, saturn, saturn mysterious f ring, special operations executive, study of wavelength dependence of polarization of stars and planets, subrahmanyan chandrasekhar, the netherlands, tom gehrels, universal evolution, university of arizona, university of chicago

*In a career that spanned more than half a century, Gehrels fostered new research on asteroids and comets, including those that pose a threat to Earth.*

Tom Gehrels, an internationally noted planetary scientist and astronomer at the University of Arizona, as well as a hero of the Dutch Resistance during WWII, died Monday. He was 86.

Gehrels was among the first members of the fledgling Lunar and Planetary Laboratory when he joined the UA in 1961. During a long and distinguished career Gehrels pioneered new research on asteroids and comets, especially those that pose a collision threat to Earth. He also developed and taught introductory astronomy courses that were popular with non-science undergraduates. (more…)

Changes in Brain Circuitry Play Role in Moral Sensitivity as People Grow Up

By Guest PostMay 31, 2011Health, Scienceaccidental actions, amygdala, behavioral measures, brain, brain scanning, cingulate cortex, cognitive processes, dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, eye tracking, fmri scan, insula and subgenual prefrontal cortex, jean decety, kalina michalska, katherine kinzler, mental states, moral judgment, moral responses, negative emotions, neurodevelopmental perspective, people, perpetrator, pupil dilation, social neuroscience, university of chicago, young children

People’s moral responses to similar situations change as they age, according to a new study at the University of Chicago that combined brain scanning, eye-tracking and behavioral measures to understand how the brain responds to morally laden scenarios.

Both preschool children and adults distinguish between damage done either intentionally or accidently when assessing whether a perpetrator had done something wrong. Nonetheless, adults are much less likely than children to think someone should be punished for damaging an object, especially if the action was accidental, said study author Jean Decety, the Irving B. Harris Professor in Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of Chicago and a leading scholar on affective and social neuroscience. (more…)

Mars: Red Planet’s Rapid Formation Explains Its Small Size Relative to Earth

By Guest PostMay 27, 2011Scienceali pourmand, atmosphere, chemical behavior, chondrites, composition of chondrites, computer simulation, dauphas and pourmand, earth, embryos, enriqueta barrera, fine scale chronology, geophysicist, hafnium, lithophile elements, mantle of mars, mars, martian meteorites, national science foundation, nicolas dauphas, non volatile elements, nsf, radioactive decay, red planet, refractory, solar system, tungsten in meteorites, tungsten isotopic composition, university of chicago, xenon content

*Mars developed far more quickly than our blue planet*

Mars developed in as little as two to four million years after the birth of the solar system, far more quickly than Earth, according to results of a new study published in this week’s issue of the journal Nature.

The red planet’s rapid formation helps explain why it is so small, say the study’s co-authors, Nicolas Dauphas at the University of Chicago and Ali Pourmand at the University of Miami. (more…)

The Winners of Mass Extinction: With Predators Gone, Prey Thrives

By Guest PostMay 11, 2011Scienceage of fishes, age of the crinoids, crinoid fossils, devonian era, devonian period, ecology, ecosystem, Environment, fish, fossil record, fossils, hangenberg event, lauren sallan, lotka volterra cycles, marine vertebrate, mass extinction, modern biodiversity, natural experiment, ocean life, ohio state university, paleontologist, population of prey species, predator prey dynamics, predator prey relationships, residual defenses, robert nicholls, thomas kammer, university of chicago, william ausich

*Extinction of fishes 360 million years ago created natural ecology experiment*

In present-day ecology, the removal or addition of a predator in an ecosystem can produce dramatic changes in the population of prey species. For the first time, scientists have observed the same dynamics in the fossil record, thanks to a mass extinction that decimated ocean life 360 million years ago.

What was bad for fish was good for the fish’s food, according to a paper published online in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Researchers from the University of Chicago, West Virginia University and The Ohio State University found that the mass extinction known as the Hangenberg event produced a “natural experiment” in the fossil record, with results that mirror modern observations about predator-prey relationships. (more…)

From the Beginning, the Mind Knows the Difference Between Night and Day

By Guest PostApril 28, 2011Scienceaugust kampf-lassin, basic human behaviors, biological rhythms, brain, brian prendergast, circadian rhythms, circadian system, hamster circadian visual system, primates, sunrise, sunset, university of chicago, visual stimuli

The brain is apparently programmed from birth to develop the ability to determine sunrise and sunset, new research on circadian rhythms at the University of Chicago shows.

The research sheds new light on brain plasticity and may explain some basic human behaviors, according to Brian Prendergast, associate professor in psychology, and co-author of a paper published April 27 in the journal PLoS One. The lead author is August Kampf-Lassin, an advanced graduate student at the University. (more…)

Highest Percentage of Americans in Four Decades Say Financial Situation Has Gotten Worse

By Guest PostApril 17, 2011Economyamericans, biennial survey, economic assessments, financial situation, general social survey, happiness, norc, policy makers, tom smith, university of chicago, well being of americans

*General Social Survey Also Shows That Happiness Takes A Hit Because of Personal Finances*

Chicago — A recently released report of the General Social Survey, conducted by NORC at the University of Chicago, shows that for the first time since 1972, more Americans say that their financial situation has gotten worse in recent years rather than better. Understandably, also for the first time since 1972, the percentage of Americans saying that they are “not at all” satisfied with their financial situation (31.5%) notably exceeds those saying they are “pretty well” satisfied (23.4%). (more…)

Writing About Anxiety Helps Students Ace Exams

By Guest PostJanuary 20, 2011Culture, Educationanxiety, average grade, choke, classroom, counterintuitive, effective way, exam, exam performance, gerardo ramirez, gregg solomon, high pressure situations, improve, mental logjams, negative thoughts, performance, research, secrets of the brain, sian beilock, test scores, university of chicago, writing about test related worries

*Research says test performance improves when students write about their worries*

Sian Beilock, lead author of a new study that appears on January 13 in the journal Science, says writing about test-related worries for ten minutes immediately before taking an exam is an effective way to improve test scores in classroom settings.

“By writing down one’s negative thoughts, students may come to realize that the situation is not as bad as they thought or that they are prepared to take it on,” said Beilock, an associate professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago. “As a result, they worry less during the test.” (more…)

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