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El Niño tied to melting of Antarctica’s Pine Island Glacier

Pine Island Glacier is one of the biggest routes for ice to flow from Antarctica into the sea. The floating ice shelf at the glacier’s tip has been melting and thinning for the past four decades, causing the glacier to speed up and discharge more ice.

Understanding this ice shelf is a key for predicting sea-level rise in a warming world. A paper published Jan. 2 in the advance online version of the journal Science shows that the ice shelf melting depends on the local wind direction, which is tied to tropical changes associated with El Niño. (more…)

Anpassung durch Veränderung: Beutefang zwischen zwei Welten

Bei Wirbeltieren unterscheiden sich Nahrungsaufnahme-Strategien zwischen land- und wasserbewohnenden Formen fundamental. Mit diesem Problem sind amphibisch lebende Tiere konfrontiert, die Nahrungsquellen aus beiden Welten – Land und Wasser – erschließen wollen. Eine Forschergruppe um Egon Heiss vom Department für Integrative Zoologie der Universität Wien veröffentlichte jetzt eine Studie über das Beutefang-Verhalten des Bergmolches, der dieses Problem mit Bravour meistert und das möglicherweise Einblicke in die frühe Evolution der Landwirbeltiere erlaubt.

Um potenzielle Beute überlisten zu können, muss ein Beutefangmechanismus schnell und koordiniert ablaufen. Aquatische Jäger saugen in der Regel ihre Beute blitzschnell ein, indem sie durch eine schnelle Volumenerweiterung des Mund-Rachenraumes einen Druckabfall erzeugen, der seinerseits durch einen schnellen Wassereinstrom über das geöffnete Maul ausgeglichen wird. (more…)

Mine Landslide Triggered Quakes

Record-Breaking Slide Would Bury Central Park 66 Feet Deep

Last year’s gigantic landslide at a Utah copper mine probably was the biggest nonvolcanic slide in North America’s modern history, and included two rock avalanches that happened 90 minutes apart and surprisingly triggered 16 small earthquakes, University of Utah scientists discovered.

The landslide – which moved at an average of almost 70 mph and reached estimated speeds of at least 100 mph – left a deposit so large it “would cover New York’s Central Park with about 20 meters (66 feet) of debris,” the researchers report in the January 2014 cover study in the Geological Society of America magazine GSA Today. (more…)

Northerners have upper crust in UK language divide

Whereas ‘pants’-wearing Northerners enjoy a ‘bap’, ‘bun’ or ‘barm’ for their ’tea’, Southerners in ‘trousers’ are more likely to tuck into a ‘roll’ for their ‘dinner’, find language researchers at The University of Manchester.

A survey of 1400 English speakers by linguist Dr Laurel MacKenzie and her students reveals a North-South divide on how we describe everyday items such as bread, trousers, footwear and evening meals.

They also show how Northerners and Southerners can pronounce the same words in completely different ways. (more…)

Fossilfunde belegen: Auch labile Ökosysteme überdauern hunderttausende Jahre

Paläontologen der Universität Wien erforschten Sedimente im Weinviertel – Ein ForscherInnenteam um Martin Zuschin vom Institut für Paläontologie der Universität Wien konnte erstmals nachweisen, dass ein fossiles, ca. 17 Millionen Jahre altes Ästuar, also der buchtförmige Mischbereich von Süßwasser und Meerwasser, aus dem Miozän im Umland von Wien alle natürlichen Störungen im Ökosystem über rund siebenhunderttausend Jahre abfedern konnte. Die Studie erschien aktuell im Fachjournal “Geology”.

Angesichts der fortschreitenden Biodiversitätskrise ist die Stabilität von Ökosystemen eine der wichtigsten Fragestellungen in der Ökologie. Küstennahe marine Bereiche gehören zu den am stärksten gefährdeten Ökosystemen der Erde und unter diesen sind Ästuare besonders betroffen. Die Gebiete im Übergang von Süßwasser zu Salzwasser stehen bis zu einem gewissen Grad unter natürlichem Stress, sind also beispielsweise betroffen von starken saisonalen und täglichen Schwankungen beim Salzgehalt. (more…)

Parasitic DNA proliferates in aging tissues

As mice age, cells in tissues such as the liver and skeletal muscle lose control over rogue sequences of DNA called “retrotransposable elements,” according to new research in the journal Aging. The elements, which may undermine health, could proliferate in old mice and were also abundant in cancerous tissue. A low-calorie diet, however, restrained their advance.

PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] — The genomes of organisms from humans to corn are replete with “parasitic” strands of DNA that, when not suppressed, copy themselves and spread throughout the genome, potentially affecting health. Earlier this year Brown University researchers found that these “retrotransposable elements” (RTE’s) were increasingly able to break free of the genome’s control in cultures of human cells. Now in a new paper in the journal Aging, they show that RTEs were increasingly able to break free and copy themselves in the tissues of mice as the animals aged. In further experiments the biologists showed that this activity was readily apparent in cancerous tumors, but that it also could be reduced by restricting calories. (more…)

White paper urges new approaches to assure access to scientific data

ANN ARBOR — A newly released white paper calls for new approaches for preserving scientific data and sustainable funding of domain repositories—data archives with ties to specific scientific communities.

“Sustaining Domain Repositories for Digital Data: A White Paper” is the result of a meeting last summer that brought together representatives of 22 data repositories serving the social, natural and physical sciences. The meeting at the University of Michigan was organized by the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, part of the U-M Institute for Social Research. (more…)

SOFS Take to Water

Researchers at Berkeley Lab’s Molecular Foundry Create First Soluble 2D Supramolecular Organic Frameworks

Supramolecular chemistry, aka chemistry beyond the molecule, in which molecules and molecular complexes are held together by non-covalent bonds, is just beginning to come into its own with the emergence of nanotechnology. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are commanding much of the attention because of their appetite for greenhouse gases, but a new player has joined the field – supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs). Researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have unveiled the first two-dimensional SOFs that self-assemble in solution, an important breakthrough that holds implications for sensing and separation technologies, energy sciences, and, perhaps most importantly, biomimetics. (more…)