Tag Archives: volcanoes

California Faults Moved Quietly After Baja Quake

By Guest PostMay 4, 2014Environmentandrea donnellan, atomarer nanoassembler, aus einem atom, blinder delfin, cultural psychologists, deep earthquakes, earthquake, earthquake cycle, east asians, gain face, give face, indus delfin, keishi okazaki, kilian singer, landslides, magnitude, moral purity, northern mexico, thomas bugnyar, uavsar, volcanoes, wie affen

A new NASA study finds that a major 2010 earthquake in northern Mexico triggered quiet, non-shaking motions on several Southern California faults that released as much energy as a magnitude 4.9 to 5.3 earthquake.

The quiet motion associated with the widely felt, magnitude 7.2 earthquake centered in northern Baja California in Mexico, in April 2010 was discovered in before-and-after radar images of the region made by a NASA airborne instrument that produces extremely accurate maps of Earth motions. The Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR), which flies on a NASA C-20A aircraft from NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center facility in Palmdale, Calif., allows scientists to see how locations on Earth’s surface change between repeat flights over the same spot. (more…)

New study reveals insights on plate tectonics, the forces behind earthquakes, volcanoes

By Guest PostMarch 24, 2014Scienceasthenosphere, caroline beghein, compositional boundary, ct, direction of flow, earth crust, earthquakes, evolution, force, geology, geophysical data, lithospheric plate, mantle, mid ocean ridge, nicholas schmerr, outer core, pacific plate, plate tectonics, rock composition, rocks, scans, seismic data, seismic tomography, seismic waves, subduction, tectonic force, university of maryland, volcanoes

The Earth’s outer layer is made up of a series of moving, interacting plates whose motion at the surface generates earthquakes, creates volcanoes and builds mountains. Geoscientists have long sought to understand the plates’ fundamental properties and the mechanisms that cause them to move and drift, and the questions have become the subjects of lively debate.

A study published online Feb. 27 by the journal Science is a significant step toward answering those questions. (more…)

Some volcanoes ‘scream’ at ever-higher pitches until they blow their tops

By Guest PostJuly 31, 2013Sciencealaska, alicia hotovec ellis, arenal volcano, costa rica, crust, cycle per second, earth, eric dunham, frictional faulting model, harmonic tremor, joan gomberg, john vidale, ksenia dmitrieva, redoubt volcano, small earthquakes, soufriere hills volcano, stanford university, stephanie prejean, tremor mechanism, U.S. Geological Survey, university of washington, volcanic eruption, volcanoes

It is not unusual for swarms of small earthquakes to precede a volcanic eruption. They can reach a point of such rapid succession that they create a signal called harmonic tremor that resembles sound made by various types of musical instruments, though at frequencies much lower than humans can hear.

A new analysis of an eruption sequence at Alaska’s Redoubt Volcano in March 2009 shows that the harmonic tremor glided to substantially higher frequencies and then stopped abruptly just before six of the eruptions, five of them coming in succession. (more…)

NASA’s HyspIRI Sees the Forest for the Trees and More

By Guest PostApril 28, 2013Environment, Scienceairborne campaign, algal blooms, aviris, california, droughts, dryden aircraft, dynamics, ecosystems, environmental changes, er 2, forest, high altitude aircraft, hyperspectral infrared imager, hyspiri, imaging spectroscopy, methane emissions, NASA, operations facility, palmdale, petya campbell, quantitative assessments, robert green, season, simon hook, stephen ungar, surface of earth, surface phenomena, tree, volcanoes, wildfires

To Robert Green, light contains more than meets the eye: it contains fingerprints of materials that can be detected by sensors that capture the unique set of reflected wavelengths. Scientists have used the technique, called imaging spectroscopy, to learn about water on the moon, minerals on Mars and the composition of exoplanets. Green’s favorite place to apply the technique, however, is right here on the chemically rich Earth, which is just what he and colleagues achieved this spring during NASA’s Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) airborne campaign.

“We have ideas about what makes up Earth’s ecosystems and how they function,” said Green, of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., who is principal investigator of the campaign’s Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) instrument. “But a comprehensive understanding requires us to directly measure these things and how they change over landscapes and from season to season.” (more…)

NASA Radar Penetrates Thick, Thin of Gulf Oil Spill

By Guest PostOctober 27, 2012Environment3d, aircraft, aircraft operations, barataria bay, ben holt, bp, brent minchew, california, cathleen jones, coastline, corpus christi, data, deepwater horizon, disaster, dryden, earthquakes, environmental condition, environmental impact, environmental standpoint, facility, florida keys, forestry biomass, glaciers, gulf, gulf coast, gulfstream, imaging radar, institute, jet, laboratory, louisiana wetlands, marine, mechanical recovery, Mexico, millimeter, NASA, oil emulsion, oil slicks, oil spills, palmdale, pasadena, propulsion, radar imagery, radar system, remote sensing, seawater, sensitivity, shoreline, soil moisture, spill incidence, Technology, texas, uavsar, volcanoes

PASADENA, Calif. – Researchers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena have developed a method to use a specialized NASA 3-D imaging radar to characterize the oil in oil spills, such as the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The research can be used to improve response operations during future marine oil spills.

Caltech graduate student Brent Minchew and JPL researchers Cathleen Jones and Ben Holt analyzed NASA radar imagery collected over the main slick of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill on June 22 and June 23, 2010. The data were acquired by the JPL-developed Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) during the first of its three deployments over the spill area between June 2010 and July 2012. The UAVSAR was carried in a pod mounted beneath a NASA C-20A piloted aircraft, a version of the Gulfstream III business jet, based at NASA’s Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility in Palmdale, Calif. The researchers demonstrated, for the first time, that a radar system like UAVSAR can be used to characterize the oil within a slick, distinguishing very thin films like oil sheen from more damaging thick oil emulsions. (more…)

CU-Boulder-led Team Finds Microbes in Extreme Environment on South American Volcanoes

By Guest PostJune 13, 2012Scienceandrew king, archaea, atacama mountain, atacama region, bacteria, carbon monoxide, chemical reaction, chile argentina border, desert, dimethylsulfide, dna analysis, extreme environment, fluorescent techniques, fungal ecosystems, fungi, glacier retreats, high altitude, maria farias, martian like landscape, metabolism, microbes, mountain area, organisms, peruvian andes, photosynthesis, rocky soils, ryan lynch, south america, steve schmidt, temperature fluctuation, ultraviolet radiation, university of colorado, volcan llullaillaco, volcan socompa, volcanoes

A team led by the University of Colorado Boulder looking for organisms that eke out a living in some of the most inhospitable soils on Earth has found a hardy few.

A new DNA analysis of rocky soils in the Martian-like landscape on some volcanoes in South America has revealed a handful of bacteria, fungi and other rudimentary organisms called archaea, which seem to have a different way of converting energy than their cousins elsewhere in the world.

“We haven’t formally identified or characterized the species,” said Ryan Lynch, a CU-Boulder doctoral student involved in the study. “But these are very different than anything else that has been cultured. Genetically, they’re at least 5 percent different than anything else in the DNA database of 2.5 million sequences.” (more…)

Mapping Volcanic Heat on Io

By Guest PostJune 11, 2012Scienceashley davies, bear fight institute, david williams, dennis matson, earth, erupting volcanoes, europa, floored volcanic craters, galileo mission, glenn veeder, heat flow, hot spots, io, jani radebaugh, journal icarus, jovian moon, life beyond earth, logarithmic scale, map, NASA, paterae, pattern of heat, thermal emission, torrence johnson, volcanic thermal emission, volcanoes

A new study finds that the pattern of heat coming from volcanoes on Io’s surface disposes of the generally-accepted model of internal heating. The heat pouring out of Io’s hundreds of erupting volcanoes indicates a complex, multi-layer source. These results come from data collected by NASA spacecraft and ground-based telescopes and appear in the June issue of the journal Icarus.

A map of hot spots, classified by the amount of heat being emitted, shows the global distribution and wide range of volcanic activity on Io. Most of Io’s eruptions dwarf their contemporaries on Earth. (more…)

When Continents Collide: A New Twist To a 50 Million-Year-Old Tale

By Guest PostMarch 1, 2012Scienceearth, earthquakes, eurasia, fifty million years, geological activity, geological history, geology, geomorphologist, geophysicist, highest mountain, himalaya mountains, India, indian plate, indian sub continent, jim erickson, marin clark, mountain building episode, northern india, northern tibet, plate boundaries, plate tectonics, post collisional motion, the himalaya, theory, tibet, tibetan plateau, university of michigan, volcanoes

ANN ARBOR, Mich.— Fifty million years ago, India slammed into Eurasia, a collision that gave rise to the tallest landforms on the planet, the Himalaya Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau.

India and Eurasia continue to converge today, though at an ever-slowing pace. University of Michigan geomorphologist and geophysicist Marin Clark wanted to know when this motion will end and why. She conducted a study that led to surprising findings that could add a new wrinkle to the well-established theory of plate tectonics – the dominant, unifying theory of geology. (more…)