Fumes Keep Moths from Finding Flowers, Study Discovers

New research by the University of Washington and the UA shows that background odors can interfere with pollinators’ ability to find flowers.

Car and truck exhaust fumes that foul the air for humans also cause problems for pollinators.

In new research on how pollinators find flowers when background odors are strong, University of Washington and University of Arizona researchers have found that both natural plant odors and human sources of pollution can conceal the scent of sought-after flowers. 

When the calories from one feeding off a flower fuels only 15 minutes of flight, as is the case with the tobacco hornworm moth studied, being misled costs a pollinator energy and time.

“Local vegetation can mask the scent of flowers because the background scents activate the same moth olfactory channels as floral scents,” said Jeffrey Riffell, assistant professor of biology at UW. “Plus the chemicals in these scents are similar to those emitted from exhaust engines and we found that pollutant concentrations equivalent to urban environments can decrease the ability of pollinators to find flowers.”

Chemical odor plume measurements were made by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry and anemometry in the University of Arizona Santa Rita Experimental Range. (Photo courtesy of Leif Abrell)

Chemical odor plume measurements were made by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry and anemometry in the University of Arizona Santa Rita Experimental Range. (Photo courtesy of Leif Abrell)

Riffell is lead author of a paper on the subject in the June 27 issue of Science.

“This is the first significant example of powerful mass spectrometry used to provide information to explain an olfactory environment,” said Leif Abrell, a scientist in the UA Arizona Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants and associate research scientist in the Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences with a joint appointment in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, who studied floral odor plumes in a creosote bush habitat in the Santa Rita Experimental Range southeast of Tucson, Arizona.

The scientists used a chemical detection device called a proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometer to, for the first time, track the odors emitted by flowers in the wild just as moths might encounter them. With wingspans of 4 inches, adult Manduca sexta moths can travel up to 80 miles in an evening looking for food and mates.

Kolby Jardine, then a UA postdoctoral fellow and now a scientist in the Climate Sciences Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, assisted Abrell in using PTR-MS, which helped identify the chemical components of the environment.

Sacred Datura. Image credit: Dlarsen (Source: Wikipedia)

Sacred Datura. Image credit: Dlarsen (Source: Wikipedia)

“As an organic chemist interested in natural products and chemical communication, I am very excited to see PTR-MS applied to the discipline of olfactory ecology and chemical communication in the gas phase,” said Abrell, who also is  a member of the UA Institute of the Environment and the UA Center for Insect Science.

“Nature can be complex, but an urban environment is a whole other layer on top of that,” Riffell said.  “These moths are not important pollinators in urban environments, but these same volatiles from vehicles may affect pollinators like honeybees or bumblebees, which are more prevalent in many urban areas.”

The moths are about equivalent to dogs in their ability to detect scents and both are several thousand times more skillful than humans.

In the Southwest, where the fieldwork was conducted, the moth navigates to and pollinates the white trumpetlike blossoms of Sacred Datura, or Datura wrightii.

The moths can detect and home in on flowers hundreds of yards away if there aren’t too many competing scents. In the Southwest, moths in search of Sacred Datura can be hindered because the flowers often grow in dense stands of creosote bush. Despite having “creosote” as part of its name – creosote being a component of tar – the plant actually smells of almonds and cherry soda and emits some of the same aromatic volatiles as Sacred Datura.

University of Washington scientist Jeff Riffell manipulates a chemical odor plume source for measurements by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry amongst a creosote bush habitat. (Photo courtesy of Leif Abrell)

University of Washington scientist Jeff Riffell manipulates a chemical odor plume source for measurements by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry amongst a creosote bush habitat. (Photo courtesy of Leif Abrell)

Even while sampling in the desert environment the scientists found the odors the moths were seeking could be “swamped out” by the natural vegetation, Riffell said.

Back in the lab, using a wind tunnel and computer-controlled odor stimulus system, the moths in free flight were tested to see just how finely they could discern different frequencies of Sacred Datura odor as well as mixes of background odors from creosote bushes. The neuron pathways activated in the moths were tracked by inserting a 16-channel electrode into the moth’s antennal lobe, where the moth processes odor information from its antennae.

UA scientist Leif Abrell assisted the University of Washington research with experiments on background odor of natural vegetation conducted in the Santa Rita Experimental Range south of Tucson. (Photo by June Anderson)

UA scientist Leif Abrell assisted the University of Washington research with experiments on background odor of natural vegetation conducted in the Santa Rita Experimental Range south of Tucson. (Photo by June Anderson)

To analyze the neural recordings the researchers developed an odor-recognition data classifier and computational model that allowed them to compare the recognition scores between the natural flower scents and those embedded with various backgrounds.

The computational analysis showed results that were remarkably similar to those in the wind tunnel: Backgrounds scents significantly modified the representation of the flower odor, and altered the neural perception of the flower.

The scientists were surprised that scents that were only loosely similar to ones attractive to moths, such as those from auto and truck exhaust, also misled them.

“We’d assumed that the moth’s ability to smell the flowers would be more specific. Instead, other volatiles also activated those same olfactory pathways,” Riffell said.

“Beyond our work with moths, we’d also like to see if these volatiles affect other pollinators, like honeybees,” Riffell said. “Such work could provide insight into whether urban emissions affect pollinators in farms neighboring urban centers.”

Co-authors  included Eli Shlizerman and Nathan Kutz, UW applied mathematics; Elischa Sanders, Billie Medina and Armin Hinterwirth, UW biology; and Abrell. The work was funded by the University of Washington.

– By Sandra Hines

*Source: The University of Arizona

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